This case is a classic illustration of how the State failed in its primary constitutional responsibility of maintaining law and order by its ineffectiveness in the enforcement of criminal law.
In our opinion, the reasons for such failure are many. Some of them are ( i) inefficiency arising out of either incompetence or lack of proper training in the system of criminal investigation; (ii) corruption or political interference with the investigation of crime; (iii) less than the desirable levels of efficiency of the public prosecutors to correctly advise and guide the investigating agencies contributing to the failure of the proper enforcement of criminal law; and (iv) inadequate efficiency levels of the bar and the members of the Judiciary (an offshoot of the bar) which contributed to the overall decline in the efficiency in the dispensation of criminal justice system. Over a period of time lot of irrelevant and unwarranted considerations have crept into the selection and appointment process of Public Prosecutors all over the country. If in a case like the one on hand where three people were killed and more than five people were injured, if charges are not framed in accordance with the mandate of law, the blame must be squarely taken by both the bar and the bench. Another distressing feature of the record in this case is the humungous cross examination of the witnesses by the defense which mostly is uncalled for.
Penal Code, 1860 - Ss. 302, 148 - Police Act (Bombay) - S. 135(1).
The only course of action available to this court is that the victims of the crime in this case are required to be compensated by the award of public law damages in light of the principles laid down by this Court in Nilabati Behera . In the circumstances, the families of each of the deceased should be paid by the State an amount of Rs. 25,00,000/( Rupees Twenty Five Lacs Only) each and the injured witnesses, if still surviving, otherwise their families are required to be paid an amount of Rs.10,00,000/( Rupees Ten Lacs Only) each. The said amount shall be deposited within a period of eight weeks from today in the Trial Court, and on such deposit the said amounts shall be distributed by the Sessions Judge, after an enquiry and satisfying himself regarding the genuineness of the entitlement of the claimants.
IN THE SUPREME COURT
OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
(J. CHELAMESWAR) AND (SANJAY KISHAN KAUL) JJ.
May 16, 2018
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.1525 OF 2009
Vinubhai Ranchhodbhai
Patel … Appellant
Versus
Rajivbhai Dudabhai Patel & Others … Respondents
WITH
CRIMINAL
APPEAL NOS.15261527 OF 2009
J U D G M E N T
Chelameswar, J.
1. On 11.07.1992, at about
10.10 pm, an incident occurred in the village of Nana Ankadia leaving 3 persons
dead and 5 persons injured. It appears from the judgment of the High Court:
“…information about the
incident was conveyed by wireless message by PSO of Amreli (Rural) Police
Station to PSI, Mr. NG Rajput. On the basis of the said information, PSI,
Rajput had gone to village Nana Ankadia and found three dead bodies lying near
the shop of Bhikabhai and after getting some further information, he had gone
to Amreli Hospital and recorded complaint from Vinu Ranchhod, which was
registered at about 1.30 a.m. on 12.07.1992. On the basis of the said
complaint, PSI, Rajput started investigation by recording statements, drawing
panchnamas and sending the dead bodies for post mortem etc.”
2. On completion of
investigation, a chargesheet came to be filed against 15 accused because the
remaining two accused A16 and A17 were absconding for some time. The matter was
committed to the Sessions Court of Amreli as offences were exclusively triable
by the Court of Sessions. In Sessions Case No. 118/1992, trial was conducted against 15 accused. The trial insofar
as the two absconding accused was segregated from the trial of the remaining
even after they were apprehended and they were put to trial separately in
Sessions Case No. 58/98 before the Special Judge of the Fast Track Court,
Amreli.
3. In Sessions Case
No.118/1992, the Sessions Court by its judgment dated 17.01.1996 recorded the
conviction of A1, A5, A10 and A12 as follows:
“Prosecution has proved the criminal offence punishable under section
302 and 148 of the Indian Penal Code and under section 135(1) of the B.P. Act,
against the accused No. 10 and [12] respectively Nanjibhai Khodabhai and
Ratilal Nagji, and therefore the accused No. 10 and 12 are convicted under
sections 302, 148 IPC and section 135(1) of the B.P. Act. The accused No. 1
Ravji Duda is convicted for the criminal offence punishable under section 326
and 148 of IPC and section 135(1) of B.P. Act. Whereas the accused No. 5 Manubhai Makanbhia is convicted for the
criminal offence punishable under section 326, 323 and 148 of the IPC and
section 135(1) of the B.P. Act. Whereas the accused other than these accused,
the prosecution has not been able to prove their case beyond doubt therefore
the accused No. 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,13,14 and 15 are given the benefit of doubt and
are acquitted, and if they are not required in any other matter, then the
accused Nos. 2,3,4,6,7,8,11,13,14 be released from judicial custody. The
accused No. 2,4,9 and 15 are enlarged on bail, their bail bonds are ordered to
be cancelled.”
And
by separate order dated 17.01.1996, A10 and A12 were sentenced to imprisonment
for life for an offence punishable under Section 302 Indian Penal Code
[hereinafter referred to as “IPC”]; one year rigorous imprisonment for an
offence punishable under Section 148 IPC; and six months rigorous imprisonment for
an offence punishable under Section 135(1) of the Bombay Police Act
[hereinafter referred to as “BP Act”].
4. A1 was sentenced to suffer
six years rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs.1000/for an offence under
Section 326 IPC and one year rigorous imprisonment for an offence punishable
under Section 148 IPC and six months rigorous imprisonment for an offence under
Section 135(1) of the BP Act.
5. A5 was sentenced to six
years rigorous imprisonment and fine for an offence punishable under Section
326 IPC and one year rigorous imprisonment for an offence punishable under Section
148 IPC, six months rigorous imprisonment for an offence under Section 323 IPC
and six months rigorous imprisonment for an offence under Section 135(1) of the
BP Act.
6. All the convicted accused preferred appeal No. 166/1996 before the
High Court of Gujarat challenging conviction and sentence. The State of Gujarat
filed Criminal Appeal No.167/1996 challenging the acquittal of the remaining
thirteen accused. It must be mentioned here that the original complainant also
filed a Criminal Revision Petition No.138/1996 challenging the decision of the
Sessions Court acquitting eleven of the accused.
7. The two absconding accused
nos.16 and 17 “were
tried separately for the offences punishable under sections 147, 148, 120B, 302
and 307 read with section 149 of IPC and under Section 25(1)(A) of the Arms Act
and under Section 135 of Bombay Police Act in Sessions Case No.58/98.” (2.2, Judgment of the High Court.) They were found not guilty
by the Fast Track Court, Amreli by judgment dated 19.07.2003. The State of
Gujarat filed Criminal Appeal No.1226/2003 against the acquittal of accused nos.16
and 17.
8. All the appeals and the
revision were clubbed together and disposed of by the High Court by a common
judgment dated 5.10.2004, which is the subject matter of the various appeals before
us.
9. The appeal of A10 and A12 was
dismissed by the High Court. The appeal of accused nos.1 and 5 was partly
allowed. The State appeals challenging acquittals of various accused were dismissed
along with the revision filed by the de facto complainant. Hence, these appeals, by the State and the de facto complainant.
10. Admittedly all the
convicts have by now served out their sentences. Some of the accused have even
died.
11. An examination of the
record in these appeals left us in distress. The judgments of the Sessions
Courts as well as the High Court leave too much to be desired.
12. We notice the following
striking features from the judgment of the Sessions Court that:
(i) Charges
have not been framed in accordance with the requirements of the CrPC;
(ii)
There appears to be a charge (however defectively framed), conviction and
sentencing of 4 accused for an offence under Section 148 IPC;
(iii) There is an
omnibus accusation that the accused committed offences falling under Sections
143, 147, 148 and vicariously liable by virtue of Section 149 IPC for the
offence of Section 302 IPC;
(iv) The judgment does not contain any clear
finding:
(a) regarding the existence of an ‘unlawful assembly’ i.e. regarding
the accusation of an offence punishable under Section 143 IPC;
(b) number of
persons (identified or not) who participated in the attack on the deceased and
the injured; or
(c) the identity of such participants.
(v) The judgment is singularly silent regarding the post mortem
examination report of one of the 3 deceased and the evidence of the doctor who conducted
the post mortem examination. It only discusses the evidence of the doctor who conducted
the post mortem on the dead bodies of two of the deceased;
(vi) The judgment
does not specify whether the accused 10 and 12 are guilty of causing the death
of all the 3 deceased or one of them;
(vii) The legal analysis and appreciation
of evidence in the context of the question of vicarious liability is wholly
unsubstantial and not in accordance with the settled principles of law; and
(viii)
There is material on record to indicate that even some of the accused received
injuries in the transaction but no material is on record indicating whether any
crime is registered and investigated or anybody is prosecuted in that regard.
13.
The judgment in Sessions Case No.118/1992 commences with an omnibus statement:
“In this case against the
present accused, there are charges of offences under sections 302, 307, 324,
147, 148, 149, 120B of IPC and section 25(1)(aa) of the Arms Act and section
135 of the Bombay Police Act, for these offences the charge sheet is filed.” Later in the same
paragraph it is stated: “Fifteen
accused in the case have remained present before the court, my learned
predecessor has on 21/3/1994 below Exh. 1 on charges of offences punishable
under sections 143, 147, 148, 302 read with 149, 120b, 307 read with 147, 114,
120b of the Indian Penal Code and against the accused Nos. 7, 8 and 11 charges
under section 27 of the Arms Act, and against all the accused the offence
punishable under section 25 of the Indian Telegraphs Act, and for carrying
weapons the charges of violation of the Notification by the District Magistrate
Amreli, for which against the accused Nos. 2,4,9,15,10,12,13, 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8
the charges of offence punishable under section 135 of the Bombay Police Act,
charges were pronounced against the accused.”
It appears from the above that no clear charges appear to have been
framed. At any rate, no document is brought to our notice showing the charges
framed by the Court in spite of repeated enquiry. It must be remembered that it
is a case where three persons died and five persons were injured allegedly in
an attack by all the accused. Causing death to each one of the three persons or
causing injury to each one of the five persons is a distinct offence.
Similarly, an offence under Section 307 is a distinct offence specific to a
particular victim. The offences under Sections 147 and 148 are distinct
offences. Section 149 IPC does not create a separate offence but only declares
the vicarious liability of all the members of an unlawful assembly in certain circumstances.
14. It was held by a
threejudge bench of this Court in Shambhu Nath Singh & Others v. State of Bihar, AIR 1960 SC 725:
“Section 149 of the
Indian Penal Code is declaratory of the vicarious liability of the members of
an unlawful assembly for
acts done in prosecution of the common object of that assembly or for such
offences as the members of the unlawful assembly knew to be likely to be
committed in prosecution of that object” [emphasis supplied]
However, there are benches of a lesser
smaller strength (Sheo Mahadeo Singh v. State of Bihar, (1970) 3 SCC 46 paragraph 9; Lalji v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 1989 (1) SCC 437 paragraph 9) which have observed that
Section 149 creates a specific and distinct offence. In view of the fact that
decision in Shambu Nath Singh was decided by a larger bench, the law declared therein must be taken
to be declaring the correct legal position. With utmost respect, we may also
add that the same is in accord with the settled principles of the
interpretation of the statutes having regard to the language of Section 149 and
its context.
15.
Chapter XVII of the Code of Criminal Procedure [hereinafter referred to as “CrPC”]
deals with “charges” in a criminal case. Sections 211 to 213 deal with the particulars which are required
to be contained in a charge in a criminal trial. These provisions are made to
ensure a fair procedure by which a person accused of an offence should be tried
– a procedure in compliance with the requirement of the mandate of Article 21
of the Constitution of India. The accused are entitled in law to know with
precision what is the charge on which they are put to trial. It was held by this
Court in Esher
Singh v. State of Andhra
Pradesh, (2004) 11 SCC 585, para 20 :
“It is the precise
formulation of the specific accusation made against a person who is entitled to
know its nature at the earliest stage. A charge is not an accusation made or information given in the
abstract, but an
accusation made against a person in respect of an act committed or omitted in violation
of penal law forbidding or commanding it. In other words, it is an accusation
made against a person in respect of an offence alleged to have been committed
by him. A charge is formulated after inquiry as distinguished from the popular meaning
of the word as implying inculpation of a person for an alleged offence as used
in Section 224 of the IPC.” [emphasis supplied]
16. In the case on hand where three persons died, the charge under
Section 302 must have been framed on three counts against specifically named
accused with respect to each of the deceased. Assuming for the sake of
argument, that all the 17 persons are accused of causing the death of each one of the
three deceased, distinct charges should have been framed with respect to each
of the deceased. It is also necessary that the court should record a specific
finding as to the guilt of the accused under Section 302 IPC qua the death of a named
deceased. If different accused are prosecuted for causing the death of the
three different deceased, then distinct charges should have been framed
specifying which of the accused are charged for the offence of causing the
death of which one of the three different deceased. Charges should also have
been proved clearly indicating which of the accused is charged for the offence
under Section 302 simpliciter or which of the accused are vicariously liable
under Section 149 IPC for causing the death of one or more of the three
deceased. Of course, none of the accused is eventually found vicariously guilty
of the offence under Section 302 IPC read with Section 149 IPC.
17. By definition of the
offences covered under Sections 147 and 148, (Section 146 IPC defines the offence of rioting. Section 147, IPC prescribes punishment for offence of rioting. Section 148, IPC prescribes punishment for offence of rioting armed with deadly weapons.) a person cannot be charged simultaneously with both the offences by the very
nature of theses offences. A person can only be held guilty of an offence punishable either under Section 147
or Section 148.
18. The legal consequences of
framing defective charges or omission in charges was considered by this Court in
Dalbir Singh v. State of U.P.., (2004) 5 SCC 334 and this Court held as
follows:
“Section
464 of the Code deals with the effect of omission to frame, or absence of, or
error in, charge. Subsection (1) of this section provides that no finding,
sentence or order by a court of competent jurisdiction shall be deemed invalid
merely on the ground that no charge was framed or on the ground of any error,
omission or irregularity in the charge including any misjoinder of charges,
unless, in the opinion of the court of appeal, confirmation or revision, a
failure of justice has in fact been occasioned thereby.”
It is obvious from the
above that an erroneous or irregular or even absence of a specific charge shall
not render the conviction recorded by a court invalid unless the appellate
court comes to a conclusion that failure of justice has in fact been occasioned
thereby.
19. In cases where a large
number of accused constituting an ‘unlawful assembly’ are alleged to have
attacked and killed one or more persons, it is not necessary that each of the
accused should inflict fatal injuries or any injury at all. Invocation of
Section 149 is essential in such cases for punishing the members of such unlawful assemblies on the
ground of vicarious liability even though they are not accused of having
inflicted fatal injuries in appropriate cases if the evidence on record
justifies. The mere presence of an accused in such an ‘unlawful assembly’ is sufficient
to render him vicariously liable under Section 149 IPC for causing the death of
the victim of the attack provided that the accused are told that they have to
face a charge rendering them vicariously liable under Section 149 IPC for the
offence punishable under Section 302 IPC. Failure to appropriately invoke and
apply Section 149 enables large number of offenders to get away with the crime.
20. This Court in Bala Seetharamaiah v. Perike S. Rao, (2004) 4 SCC 557, para 8. held:
“8. Unfortunately, the
Sessions Judge did not frame charge against the accused persons for offence
punishable under Section 302 IPC read with Section 149 IPC. It is also
important to note that the relevant prosecution allegations so as to bring in
the ingredients of the offence punishable under Section 302 IPC read with
Section 149 IPC also were not incorporated in the charge framed by the Sessions
Judge. The accused were not told that they had to face charges of being members
of an unlawful assembly and the common object of such assembly was to commit
murder of the deceased and in furtherance of that common object murder was
committed and thereby they had a constructive liability and thus they committed
the offence punishable under Section 302 IPC read with Section 149 IPC. Of course the mere omission to mention Section 149 may be considered
as an irregularity, but failure to mention the nature of the offence committed
by them cannot be said to be a mere irregularity. Had this mistake been noticed at the trial stage,
the Sessions Judge could have corrected the charge at any time before the
delivery of the judgment. In the instant case, the accused were told to face a
charge punishable under Section 302 simpliciter and there was no charge under
Section 302 IPC read with Section 149 IPC. Therefore, it is not possible to reverse
the conviction of the accused under Section 326 IPC and substitute the
conviction for the offence punishable under Sections 302/149 IPC as there was
no charge framed against them for such offence.”
21. When a large number of people gather together (assemble) and
commit an offence, it is possible that only some of the members of the assembly
commit the crucial act which renders the transaction an offence and the
remaining members do not take part in that ‘crucial act’ for example in a case
of murder, the infliction of the fatal injury. It is in those situations, the legislature
thought it fit as a matter of legislative policy to press into service the
concept of vicarious liability for the crime. (Ram Gope v. State of Bihar, AIR 1969 SC 689 paragraph 5: “… When a concerted attack is made on the victim by a large number of persons it is often difficult to determine the actual part played by each offender. But on that account for an offence committed by a member of the unlawful assembly in the prosecution of the common object or for an offence which was known to be likely to be committed in prosecution of the common object, persons proved to be members cannot escape the consequences arising from the doing of that act which amounts to an offence.”) Section
149 IPC is one such provision. It is a provision conceived in the larger public
interest to maintain the tranquility of the society and prevent wrong doers
(who actively collaborate or assist the commission of offences) claiming
impunity on the ground
that their activity as members of the unlawful assembly is limited.
The responsibility of the prosecution and/or of the Court (in a
case like the one at hand where large numbers of people (5 or more) are
collectively accused to have committed various offences and subjected to trial)
in examining whether some of the members of such group are vicariously liable
for some offence committed by some of the other members of such group requires an
analysis. Such analysis has two components – (i) the amplitude and the
vicarious liability created under Section 149; and (ii) the facts which are
required to be proved to hold an accused vicariously liable for an offence.
22. To understand the true
scope and amplitude of Section 149 IPC it is necessary to examine the scheme of
Chapter VIII (Sections 141 to 160) of the IPC which is titled “Of the offences against
the public tranquility”. Sections 141 to 158 deal with offences committed
collectively by a group of 5 or more individuals.
23. Section 141 IPC declares
an assembly of five or more persons to be an ‘unlawful assembly’ if the common
object of such assembly is to achieve any one of the five objects enumerated in
the said section. (See Yeshwant & Others v. State of Maharashtra, (1972) 3 SCC 639) One of the enumerated
objects is to commit any offence. (Section 40 “offence”.- Except in the Chapters and sections mentioned in clauses 2 and 3 of this section, the word “offence” denotes a thing made punishable by this Code.) “The
words falling under section 141, clause third “or other offence” cannot be
restricted to mean only minor offences of trespass or mischief. These words
cover all offences falling under any of the provisions of the Indian Penal Code
or any other law.” (Manga alias Man Singh Vs. State of Uttarakhand (2013) 7 SCC 629) The mere assembly of 5 or
more persons with such legally impermissible object itself constitutes the
offence of unlawful assembly punishable under Section 143 of the IPC. It is not
necessary that any overt act is required to be committed by such an assembly to
be punished under Section 143. (See Dalip Singh and Ors. Vs. State of Punjab , AIR 1953 SC 364.)
24.
If force or violence is used by an unlawful assembly or any member thereof in
prosecution of the common objective of such assembly, every member of such
assembly is declared under Section 146 to be guilty of the offence of rioting
punishable with two years imprisonment under Section 147. To constitute the offence
of rioting under Section 146, the use of force or violence need not necessarily
result in the achievement of the common object. (See Sundar Singh Vs. State, AIR 1955 All 232 (FB) 14See Sabir v. Queen Empress, (1894) ILR 22 Cal 276; In re Choitano Ranto and Others, AIR 1916 Mad 788 15 See Shambu Nath Singh Vs. State of Bihar, AIR 1960 SC 725.) In other words, the
employment of force or violence need not result in the commission of a crime or
the achievement of any one of the five enumerated common objects under Section
141.
25. Section 148 declares that
rioting armed with deadly weapons is a distinct offence punishable with the
longer period of imprisonment (three years). There is a distinction between the
offences under 146 and 148. To constitute an offence under Section 146, the
members of the ‘unlawful assembly’ need not carry weapons. But to constitute an
offence under Section 148, a person must be a member of an unlawful assembly,
such assembly is also guilty of the offence of rioting under Section 146 and
the person charged with an offence under Section 148 must also be armed with a
deadly weapon.14
26. Section 149 propounds
a vicarious liability15
in two contingencies by
declaring that (i) if
a member of an unlawful assembly commits an offence in prosecution of the common object of that
assembly, then
every member of such unlawful assembly is guilty of the offence committed by
the other members of the unlawful assembly
and (ii) even in cases where all the members of the unlawful assembly do not
share the same common object to commit a particular offence, if they had the knowledge
of the fact that
some of the other members of the assembly are likely to commit that particular
offence in prosecution of the common object. The scope of Section 149 IPC was
enunciated by this Court in Masalti (Masalti v. State of U.P., AIR 1965 SC 202):
“The crucial question to
determine in such a case is whether the assembly consisted of five or more
persons and whether the said persons entertained one or more of the common
objects as specified by section 141. While determining this question, it becomes
relevant to consider whether the assembly consisted of some persons who were
merely passive witnesses and had joined the assembly as a matter of idle
curiosity without intending to entertain the common object of the assembly. It
is in that context that the observations made by this court in the case of Baladin assume significance;
otherwise, in law, it would not be correct to say that before a person is held
to be a member of an unlawful assembly, it must be shown that he had committed
some illegal overt act or had been guilty of some illegal omission in pursuance
of the common object of the assembly. In fact, section 149 makes it clear that
if an offence is committed by any member of an unlawful assembly in prosecution
of the common object of that assembly, or such as the members of that assembly
knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of that object, every person
who, at the time of the committing of that offence, is a member of the same
assembly, is guilty of that offence, and that emphatically brings out the
principle that the punishment prescribed by section 149 is in a sense vicarious
and does not always proceed on the basis that the offence has been actually
committed by every member of the unlawful assembly.”
27. It can be seen from
the above, Sections 141, 146 and 148 create distinct offences. Section 149 only
creates a vicarious liability. However,
Sections 146, 148 and 149 contain certain legislative declarations based on the
doctrine of vicarious liability. The doctrine is well known in civil law especially in the branch
of torts, but is applied very sparingly in criminal law only when there is a
clear legislative command. To be liable for punishment under any one of the provisions, the
fundamental requirement is the existence of an unlawful assembly as defined
under Section 141 made punishable under Section 143 IPC.
28. The concept of an unlawful
assembly as can be seen from Section 141 has two elements; (i) The assembly
should consist of at least five persons; and (ii) They should have a common
object to commit an offence or achieve any one of the objects enumerated
therein.
29. For recording a
conclusion, that a person is (i) guilty
of any one of the offences under Sections 143, 146 or 148 or (ii) vicariously liable under
Section 149 for some other offence, it must first be proved that such person is
a member of an ‘unlawful assembly’ consisting of not less than five persons irrespective
of the fact whether the identity of each one of the 5 persons is proved or not.
If that fact is proved, the next step of inquiry is whether the common object
of the unlawful assembly is one of the 5 enumerated objects specified under
Section 141 IPC.
30. The common object of
assembly is normally to be gathered from the circumstances of each case such as
the time and place of the gathering of the assembly, the conduct of the
gathering as distinguished from the conduct of the individual members are indicative
of the common object of the gathering. Assessing the common object of an
assembly only on the basis of the overt acts committed by such individual
members of the assembly, in our opinion is impermissible. For example, if more
than five people gather together and attack another person with deadly weapons eventually
resulting in the death of the victim, it is wrong to conclude that one or some
of the members of such assembly did not share the common object with those who
had inflicted the fatal injuries (as proved by medical evidence); merely on the ground that the injuries
inflicted by such members are relatively less serious and non fatal.
31. For
mulcting liability on the members of an unlawful assembly under Section 149, it
is not necessary that every member of the unlawful assembly should commit the
offence in prosecution of the common object of the assembly. Mere knowledge of
the likelihood of commission of such an offence by the members of the
assembly is
sufficient. For example, if five or more members carrying AK 47 rifles
collectively attack a victim and cause his death by gunshot injuries, the fact
that one or two of the members of the assembly did not in fact fire their
weapons does not mean that they did not have the knowledge of the fact that the
offence of murder is likely to be committed.
32. The identification of the
common object essentially requires an assessment of the state of mind of the
members of the unlawful assembly. Proof of such mental condition is normally established
by inferential logic. If a large number of people gather at a public place at
the dead of night armed with deadly weapons like axes and fire arms and attack
another person or group of persons, any member of the attacking group would
have to be a moron in intelligence if he did not know murder would be a likely
consequence.
33. The Sessions Court purported to frame ‘issues’ – a practice statutorily
mandated under the Code of Civil Procedure as one of the ingredients of the
adjudication of a suit. But, we are informed that in the State of Gujarat the
practice of framing “issues” is prevalent even in the trial of a criminal case.
Be that as it may, obviously ‘issues’ are not the same as “charges”. They are
not framed prior to the commencement of trial. They are only ‘identified’ at
the time of writing the judgment.
34. Issue Nos.2 and 4 framed
by the Sessions Judge are with respect to offence of unlawful assembly, rioting
and the vicarious liability under the IPC. Issue Nos. 2 and 4 read as follows:
“( 2) Whether the prosecution
has proved that, the accused and the persons of the complainant party are the
Kadva and Leuva Patels of teh Nana Ankadiya, Taluka Amreli, and due to the enemity
between them on 11/7/92 at about 2215 at night near the Nana Ankadiya village
Bus stand, near the shop of Bhikhabhai in the public place all the accused in
this matter and the absconding accused Chandubhai Vallabhbhai and Vallabhbhai Khodabhai, thus all of these had
constituted an illegal assembly and with the common intention of killing the Leuva Patels of the
Nana Ankadiya village, attempted to murder, and at that above time and place,
all these accused and the absconding accused with the intentions of achieving
their common object, caused rioted and committed criminal offence punishable
under section 143, 147?
(4) Whether the prosecution is able to prove that, the
accused had for achieving the common object of their illegal assembly, made use
of the weapons carried by them and had assaulted Chhaganbhai Premjibhai Patel,
Madhubhai Mohanbhai Patel and Pragjihai Parbatbhai Patel and fired at them and
by such act they were well aware that they would certainly be killed and inspite
of this intentionally and with the intentions of killing, caused grievous
injuries, and all the three persons were assaulted and murdered, the said act
was committed by the accused No. 2,4,5 and 9 using stick, and accused No. 10,
12 using sword, and accused No. 1, 3 and 6 using their dhariya, all three
deceased were caused injuries and murdered, and thus the accused have committed
criminal offence punishable under section 302, 149 and 114 of the IPC” [emphasis
supplied]
35. Issue
No. 2 makes a reference to all the accused put to trial along with absconding accused (put to trial
subsequently in Sessions Case No. 58) in the context of the offences of the unlawful
assembly and rioting. Issue No. 4 does not make a reference to “all the accused”, in the context of the
offences under Sections 302 read with Section 149 IPC. But in view of the reference
to the illegal (obviously the learned Judge meant unlawful) assembly we assume
that the Sessions Court intended to examine the vicarious liability under
Section 149 of all the accused in the context of the death of the three
victims. Since the prosecution invoked Section 149, charges should have been framed
specifying which of the accused are sought to be punished for which offence
with the aid of Section 149.
36. From the judgment of the
Sessions Court, we do not see any clear findings recorded (i) as to the
existence of an unlawful assembly, (ii) if it existed, how many (number of the
members) were present in the unlawful assembly. It must be remembered that the
accusation is that all the 17 accused were members of the unlawful assembly.
There appears to be an accusation of the commission of the offence under
Section 143 IPC. There is no finding whether the assembly consisted of 17
members or less (number) and which of the 17 accused were present (the
identity) in the assembly. Nor is there any clear finding regarding the common
object of the assembly. Consequentially, there is no finding recorded by the
Sessions Court whether an offence of unlawful assembly punishable under Section
143 was committed by all or some of the accused. The Trial Court recorded the conviction
under Section 148 IPC against 4 accused. Logically it should follow that the
trial court was of the opinion that there was an unlawful assembly. That means
more than 5 people participated in the attack. In such a case even assuming for
the sake of argument the identity of the accused (other than the 4 convicts) is
not proved beyond reasonable doubt, A1 and A5 who were found to have been
guilty of the offence under Section 148 should normally have been found
vicariously guilty of the offence of murder along with A10 and A12 (provided of
course that they are not prejudiced by the improper framing of charges). The
record is not very clear whether the accused were told they were to face a
charge of being members of the unlawful assembly, whose common object was to
commit murder of the three deceased.
37. Coming to the conviction
of A10 and A12, the mere statement in the Sessions Court’s judgment that two of
the accused were found guilty of offence punishable under Section 302 of the
IPC falls short of the requirement of law in a case where more than one person
died in the transaction. Equally the other two accused who are convicted of other
offences mentioned earlier are entitled to know the details of the offence for
which they are convicted.
38. We shall now examine the
judgment of the High Court. The High Court completely failed to take note of
the defects in framing of the charges.
The High Court recorded a finding at paragraph 19, that the prosecution
witnesses are trustworthy and they had witnessed the incident. However, in
paragraph 20, (17 “20.… However, all the PWs have not specifically involve all the accused. Likewise, there are certain discrepancies in their evidence regarding the part played by them, the weapons carried by them etc., that in our opinion is natural as all the accused, 17 in number came all of a sudden and started assaulting and that too during night hours when visibility was also low. Because of the same, the learned trial judge acquitted A-2, A-3, A-4, A-6, A-7, A-8, A-9, A-11, A-13, A-14 and A-15 by giving benefit of doubt. In other words, the learned trial judge disbelieved the case of the prosecution of unlawful assembly and convicted the accused of their individual act. After carefully examining the evidence on record, we are of the view that the presence of A-2, A-4, A-9 and A-15 who were alleged to have carried sticks, is not established. The complainant involved them in his further statement. Likewise other PWs are also contradicted about the presence of these accused with their previous statement. Apart from that in the post mortem reports of the deceased as well as in the injury certificates of the injured, the injuries do not reveal any injury possible with sticks.”) the High Court records that there are discrepancies in the evidences of PWs regarding the
part played by each of the accused, the weapons carried by them, etc.. The High
Court takes note of the fact that the Sessions Court acquitted 11 accused by
giving the benefit of doubt. To us, it is not very clear whether the Sessions
Court doubted the very presence of the 11 accused in the unlawful assembly or
the Sessions Court doubted the very existence of an ‘unlawful assembly’ for the
lack of proof of either the requisite number of the accused to constitute the
unlawful assembly or for the lack of proof of the common object which renders
the assembly to be an unlawful assembly (even if the court concluded that more
than 5 people participated in the transaction). The High Court readily drew an
inference that the Sessions Court disbelieved the case of the prosecution
regarding the existence of an unlawful assembly, in our opinion, a very
unsatisfactory way of analyzing the case of the prosecution visà vis the
vicarious liability of the accused under Section 149.
The
High Court recorded a finding with reference to 4 accused (A2, A4, A9 and A15) who
according to the prosecution were alleged to have carried sticks, that there is
no evidence on record to prove the same on three grounds: (i) that their names
were not to be found in the FIR (ii) that there were improvements in the
evidence of the PWs at various stages regarding the presence of the four
accused and (iii) that the medical evidence does not disclose any injury which
could have been attributed to the beatings by sticks. In our opinion, the first
two reasons given by the High Court are legally tenable, however, the third
reason, i.e. the absence of injuries attributable to a stick, need not necessarily
result in a
conclusion that the accused were not present in the unlawful assembly. But the absence
of such injuries cannot said to be an irrelevant consideration in arriving at a
conclusion whether the four accused participated in the unlawful assembly in
the background of the other two factors mentioned above. But a similar analysis
with respect to the seven of the other accused who were given the benefit of
doubt by the Sessions Court is lacking in the judgment of the High Court.
Another
important aspect of the matter is that at least one of the accused (A7) appears
to have been injured in the transaction and it appears from the judgment of the
High Court that an FIR in that regard was lodged. A submission was made that
there was tampering with the record to screen the offence. (Impugned Judgment Para 6. “ … Finally, Mr. Shethna submitted that investigation in the instant case is also not free from doubt. According to him, the manner in which the FIR given by A-7, being the first in point of time, was treated and the manner in which the investigating officer expresses his ignorance in the hospital of the erasure made in the station diary etc. would go to show that a deliberate attempt is made to falsely involve the accused.”) This aspect of the matter
has not been considered either by the trial Court or by the High Court. In
fact, the judgment of the trial Court contains further details regarding this
aspect of the matter but without recording any conclusive finding.
39. The question is whether
this court would be justified in reversing the finding of acquittal in the case
on hand on the grounds that (i) the framing of charges is egregiously erroneous
and not in accordance with the provisions of the CrPC; or (ii) the courts below
failed to record appropriate findings with respect to the various offences
which the accused are said to have committed; or (iii) the 1st appellate court’s
reasoning in declining to reverse a finding of acquittal recorded by the trial
court is defective? The answer to the question, in our opinion, should be
in the negative.
40. In Sessions Case No.58/98
against A16 and A17, no evidence was recorded independently. On the other hand,
the evidence recorded in Sessions Case No.118/1992 was marked as evidence in
Sessions Case No.58/1998. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 does not permit such a
mode of proof of any fact barring in exceptional situations contemplated in
Section 33 of the Indian Evidence Act.
“33. Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, the truth of facts therein stated. –– Evidence given by a witness in a judicial proceeding, or before any person authorized by law to take it, is relevant for the purpose of proving, in a subsequent judicial proceeding, or in a later stage of the same judicial proceeding, the truth of the facts which it states, when the witness is dead or cannot be found, or is incapable of giving evidence, or is kept out of the way by the adverse party, or if his presence cannot be obtained without an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, the Court considers unreasonable:
Provided –– that the proceeding was between the same parties or their representatives in interest; that the adverse party in the first proceeding had the right and opportunity to cross-examine; that the questions in issue were substantially the same in the first as in the second proceeding.
Explanation.–– A criminal trial or inquiry shall be deemed to be a proceeding between the prosecutor and the accused within the meaning of this section.”
41. There is no material on
record to warrant the procedure adopted by the Sessions Court. On that single
ground, the entire trial of Sessions Case No.58/98 is vitiated and is not in accordance
with procedures established by law. It is a different matter that both the
accused put to trial in Sessions Case No.58/98 were acquitted by the Fast Track
Court and the High Court did
not interfere with the conclusions recorded by the Fast Track Court.
42. It is the grievance of the
appellant that in spite of the gravity of the offence and the evidence of the 5
injured witnesses, most of the accused went scot free without any punishment
and, hence, this appeal.
We do understand the grievance of the appellant. The following
prophetic words of Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer (In Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade & Anr. v. State of Maharashtra, (1973) 2 SCC 793, para 6) deserve
to be etched on the walls of every criminal court in this country:
“6. … The cherished
principles or golden thread of proof beyond reasonable doubt which runs through
the web of our law should not be stretched morbidly to embrace every hunch,
hesitancy and degree of doubt. The excessive solicitude reflected in the
attitude that a thousand guilty men may go but one innocent martyr shall not
suffer is a false dilemma. Only reasonable doubts belong to the accused. Otherwise any practical system of justice will then break down and
lose credibility with the community. The evil of acquitting a guilty person
light heartedly as a learned Author [ Glanville Williams in ‘Proof of Guilt’.]
has sapiently observed, goes much beyond the simple fact that just one guilty
person has gone unpunished. If unmerited acquittals become general, they tend
to lead to a cynical disregard of the law, and this in turn leads to a public
demand for harsher legal presumptions against indicted “persons” and more severe
punishment of those who are found guilty. Thus, too frequent acquittals of the
guilty may lead to a ferocious penal law, eventually eroding the judicial
protection of the guiltless. …”
[emphasis supplied]
The prophecy came true
when Section 21 of TADA Act, 1987 burdened the accused to prove his innocence,
and when the Parliament responded to the public outcry to impose more and more
harsher punishments to persons found guilty of the offence of rape under
Section 376 IPC etc.
43. For all the abovementioned
reasons, we should have recorded a conclusion that there is a failure of
justice in the case on hand looked at from the point of view of either the
victims or even from the point of view of the convicted accused. The most normal
consequence thereafter should have been to order a fresh trial, but such a
course of action after a lapse of 26 years of the occurrence of the crime, in
our opinion, would not serve any useful purpose because as already indicated
some of the accused have died in the interregnum. We are not sure of the
availability of the witnesses at this point of time. Even if all the witnesses
are available, how safe it would be to record their evidence after a quarter
century and place reliance on the same for coming to a gist conclusion
regarding the culpability of the accused?
44. We are of the opinion that the
only course of action available to this court is that the victims of the crime
in this case are required to be compensated by the award of public law damages
in light of the principles laid down by this Court in Nilabati Behera (Nilabati Behera (Smt) alias Lalita Behera (Through the Supreme Court Legal Aid Committee) v. State of Orissa & Others, (1993) 2 SCC 746). In the circumstances, we
are of the opinion that the families of each of the deceased should be paid by
the State an amount of Rs. 25,00,000/( Rupees Twenty Five Lacs Only) each and
the injured witnesses, if still surviving, otherwise their families are
required to be paid an amount of Rs.10,00,000/( Rupees Ten Lacs Only) each. The
said amount shall be deposited within a period of eight weeks from today in the
Trial Court, and on such deposit the said amounts shall be distributed by the
Sessions Judge, after an enquiry and satisfying himself regarding the
genuineness of the entitlement of the claimants.
45. This case, in our opinion,
is a classic illustration of how the State failed in its primary constitutional
responsibility of maintaining law and order by its ineffectiveness in the enforcement
of criminal law. In our opinion, the reasons for such failure are many. Some of
them are ( i) inefficiency arising out of either incompetence or lack of proper
training in the system of criminal investigation; (ii) corruption or political
interference with the investigation of crime; (iii) less than the desirable
levels of efficiency of the public prosecutors to correctly advise and guide the
investigating agencies contributing to the failure of the proper enforcement of
criminal law; and (iv) inadequate efficiency levels of the bar and the members
of the Judiciary (an offshoot of the bar) which contributed to the overall
decline in the efficiency in the dispensation of criminal justice system.
Over a period of time lot of irrelevant and unwarranted considerations
have crept into the selection and appointment process of Public Prosecutors all
over the country. If in a case like the one on hand where three people were
killed and more than five people were injured, if charges are not framed in accordance
with the mandate of law, the blame must be squarely taken by both the bar and
the bench. Another distressing feature of the record in this case is the
humungous cross examination of the witnesses by the defense which mostly is
uncalled for.
46. In view of the above, the appeals stand disposed of.
O R D E R
In view of the situation obtaining on the
record, we thought it fit to call for the assistance of Mr.S.Nagumuthu and
Ms.Tarannum Cheema, learned counsel to assist this Court. We place on record
the invaluable assistance rendered by them as amicus curiae.
We also deem it appropriate to place on record the appreciation
for the effort put in by Mr.A.Selvin Raja, learned counsel, a young member of
the Bar, appearing for the appellant.
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