What is the interpretative rule to be applied while interpreting a tax exemption provision / notification when there is an ambiguity as to its applicability with reference to the entitlement of the assessee or the rate of tax to be applied ?
Correctness of the ratio in Sun Export Corporation, Bombay v. Collector of Customs, Bombay, (1997) 6 SCC 564 [‘Sun Export Case’]
Held:-
Exemption notification should be interpreted strictly; the burden of proving applicability would be on the assessee to show that his case comes within the parameters of the exemption clause or exemption notification.
When there is ambiguity in exemption notification which is subject to strict interpretation, the benefit of such ambiguity cannot be claimed by the subject/assessee and it must be interpreted in favour of the revenue.
Sun Export Corporation, Bombay v. Collector of Customs, Bombay, (1997) 6 SCC 564 [Overruled]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
(Ranjan Gogoi, J.) (N.V. Ramana, J.) (R. Banumathi, J.) (Mohan M. Shantanagoudar, J.) (S. Abdul Nazeer, J.)
July 30, 2018
CIVIL
APPEAL NO. 3327 OF 2007
COMMISSIONER OF CUSTOMS (IMPORT), MUMBAI …APPELLANT(S)
VERSUS
M/S. DILIP KUMAR AND COMPANY & ORS. …RESPONDENT(S)
J UDGMENT
N. V. RAMA
NA , J .
1. This
Constitution Bench is setup to examine the correctness of the ratio in Sun Export Corporation,
Bombay v. Collector of Customs, Bombay, (1997) 6 SCC 564 [hereinafter referred as ‘Sun Export Case’ for brevity], namely the question is What is the interpretative rule to be
applied while interpreting a tax exemption provision/notification
when there is an ambiguity as to its applicability with reference to the
entitlement of the assessee or the rate of tax to be applied?
2. In Sun Export Case (supra), a three Judge Bench
ruled that an ambiguity in a tax exemption provision or notification must be
interpreted so as to favour the assessee claiming the benefit of such exemption.
Such a rule was doubted when this appeal was placed before a Bench of two Judges. The matter then went before a three Judge Bench consisting one of
us (Ranjan Gogoi, J.). The three Judge Bench having noticed the unsatisfactory state of
law as it stands today, opined
that the dicta in Sun Export Case (supra), requires reconsideration and that is how the matter has
been placed before this Constitution Bench.
3. Few facts necessary, to appreciate the issue involved are as
follows the respondents imported a consignment of Vitamin – E50 powder (feed
grade) under Bill of Entry No. 8207, dated 19.08.1999. They claimed the benefit of concessional rate of duty at 5%,
instead of standard 30%, as per the Customs Notification No. 20/1999 and
classified the product under Chapter 2309.90 which admittedly pertains to prawn
feed. They relied on the ratio in
Sun Export Case (supra) and claimed the
benefit of exemption. The benefit of Customs Notification No. 20/1999 was, however, denied to the respondents on the plea of
the department that the goods under import contained chemical ingredients for
animal feed and not animal feed/prawn feed, as such, the concessional rate of
duty under the extant notification was not available. The department classified
the consignment under Chapter 29 whichattracts standard rate of customs duty.
The adjudicating authority, namely, the Assistant Commissioner of Customs,
distinguished Sun Export Case (supra), while accepting the plea of the department to deny the
concessional rate. The Commissioner of Customs (Appeals) reversed the order of
the Assistant Commissioner and came to the conclusion that Sun Export Case (supra) was indeed
applicable. The department then approached the Customs, Excise and Service Tax Tribunal
(CESTAT), which affirmed the order of the Commissioner of Customs (Appeals).
Aggrieved thereby, the present appeal is filed.
4. When
the appeal was placed, as noticed earlier, before a Bench of twoJudges, the
ruling in Sun Export Case (supra) was doubted, observing as follows;
“We have serious doubts as
to whether the Bombay High Court judgment affirmed in Sun Export Corporation's case
is correct. First and foremost, it is clear that the subsequent exemption Notification
largely expanded the first Notification which referred only to animal feeds and
nothing else. That being the case, it would be difficult to say that a large
number of other categories which have subsequently been added would be
clarificatory and therefore, retrospective. Further, we also feel that in view
of the catena of judgments of this Court which have held that an exemption
Notification has to be strictly construed (that is, if the person claiming
exemption does not fall strictly within the letter of the Notification, he
cannot claim exemption), have also been ignored by this Court in Sun Export
Corporation's case in paragraph 13 thereof. Apart from this, the view of this
Court in paragraph 13 that it is wellsettled that if two views are possible,
one favourable to the assessee in matters of taxationhas to be preferred is
unexceptionable. However, this Court was not concerned in that case with the
charging Section of a taxation statute. It was concerned with the
interpretation of an Exemption Notification which, as has been stated above,
would require the exactly opposite test to be fulfilled.”
Further this Court found
that the subsequent judgment in Collector of Customs and Central
Excise, Guntur and Ors. V. Surendra Cotton Oil Mills and Fertilizers Co. and
Ors., 2001
(1) SCC 578 [hereinafter referred as ‘Surendra Cotton Oil Mills Case’ for brevity], distinguished Sun Export Case (supra), which mandated
this Court to take a relook at the proposition laid down by the earlier cases
in the following manner-
“We
also find that in the subsequent judgment of this Court, Surendra Cotton Oil
Mills's case, this Court has distinguished the Sun Export Corporation's case
and heldthat it dealt with 'animal feed' which was large enough to include
'animal feed supplements' whereas the facts of Surendra Cotton Oil Mills's case
showed that ingredients of animal feed could not be held to be included in
'animal feed'. In our opinion, this Court did not adequately deal with why Sun
Exports Corporation's case which is a binding decision of a three Judges Bench
should not be followed, apart from a specious distinction between 'ingredients'
and 'supplements' which is logically speaking a distinction without a difference.
…
This being the unsatisfactory state of law as it stands today,
we feel that this matter should be placed before Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India
to constitute an appropriate Bench to resolve the doubts pointed out by us in
the body of this Order.”
(emphasis supplied)
5. We feel that the reference
to Surendra Cotton Oil Mills Case (supra), may not be necessary as
the distinction was drawn on a factual footing, which this Court may not
concern itself with, as we are only concerned with the principle of law. With
this, the Division Bench was of the tentative view that the opinion expressed
in Sun Export Case (supra) would require reconsideration, as the proposition laid
down therein was unsatisfactory, and therefore placed before the Chief Justice
of India for constituting an appropriate Bench.
6. When
the matter was placed before a three Judge Bench presided over by one of us
(Ranjan Gogoi, J.), the Bench reiterated the view for reconsideration of the Sun Export Case (supra) and again placed
the matter,before Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for constitution of an
appropriate Bench, considering the fact that Sun Export Case (supra) was decided by a
Bench comprising of three learned judges of this Court. Hence, this matter came
to be placed before this Bench of Five Judges with following observations-
“In paragraph 13 of
the order of this Court in Sun’s case, views have been
expressed with regard to the interpretation of an exemption notification to support
the conclusion reached. The same may require a reconsideration.
That apart, in the referral order it has been noticed that Sun’s Case (supra) has been distinguished in ‘Collector of Central
Excise, Guntur vs. Surendra Cotton Oil Mills & Fert. Co. The
basis on which the said distinction has been drawn needs to be further pursued.
Having considered the
matter at some length, we are of the tentative view, that the opinion expressed
in Sun’s case (supra) may require a reconsideration. Being a coordinate Bench, we believe we ought not to proceed any
further in the matter. Hence, we direct the Registry to lay the papers before
the Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for appropriate orders.”
(emphasis supplied)
7. The learned Additional
Solicitor General, Ms. Pinky Anand, submits that a tax exemption statute or notification
needs to be strictly interpreted. According to her, strict interpretation is
literal rule of interpretation, which means that Court has to apply the provision
reading the language therein and nointerpretation is required if the language
is clear. In the event of any ambiguity, according to her, the benefit has to
be given to the revenue and that such ambiguity in tax exemption provision must
not be interpreted to benefit the assessee who fails to demonstrate without any
doubt that such assessee is covered by the tax exemption notification. She
elaborated her arguments by relying on various judgments and contends that the ratio in Sun Export Case (supra), which was doubted
in Surendra Cotton Oil Mills Case (supra), is not correct law.
On merits of the case, she submitted that the artificial distinction created by
Surendra Cotton
Oil Mills Case (supra),
in distinguishing the ingredients from supplements is not sound and may not be accepted
by the Court.
8. Per contra, among others, Mr. Somnath Shukla, learned counsel appearing on
behalf of the respondents wouldsubmit that the ratio and observations in Sun Export Case (supra) has to be
considered holistically without giving any narrow meaning to the conclusion
arrived therein. The rule of strict interpretation cannot be applied in
abstract. It has to be applied keeping in view the interpretation to be used in
relation to Customs Tariff Entry. According to the learned counsel, when the
Customs Tariff Entry is interpreted broadly, the same should be adopted in
interpreting exemption notification. Indeed, the learned senior counsel would contend
that the rule of strict interpretation should be limited to the eligibility
conditions of an exemption notification and while conferring the benefits to
such exemption. He distinguished all the judgments relied on by the appellants
and submits that “prawn feed supplements” would also be included under the head “prawn feed”, and the judgment of the
Tribunalimpugned in these appeals does not warrant any interference.
9. Sun Export Case (supra) was a case against the judgment of the High Court of
Judicature, Bombay. It was concerned with the interpretation of tax exemption notification,
being Notification No. 234/1982 – CE, dated 01.11.1982, issued by the Central
Government under subsection (1) of Section 25 of the Customs Act. The High Court considered the issue whether Vitamin AD3 mix
(feed grade)/animal feed supplement could be included under the head ‘animal
feed, including compound livestock feed’. The Bombay High Court decided, in the
affirmative, in favour of the assessee. The case then landed in this Court, which was persuaded to
expand the meaning of ‘animal feed’ in the light of subsequent notification
issued in 1984, which largely expanded the scope of exemption to the effectthat
‘animal feed, including
compound livestock feed, animal feed supplements and animal feed concentrates’. This Court indeed countenanced the plea, namely, whenever there
is ambiguity as to whether the subject matter was included or not, then the
benefit of the same should be conferred on the assessee. The relevant portion
in Sun Export Case (supra), reads as follows:
“13. We are in agreement with the above view expressed by the
Bombay High Court. No doubt it was contended on behalf of the Revenue that the
contrary view taken by the Tribunal has been challenged in this Court which was
rejected in
limine at the
admission stage. We do not think that dismissal at the admission stage can be
relied upon as a binding precedent. Even assuming that there are two views possible, it is well settled
that one favourable to the assessee in matters of taxation has to be preferred.”
(emphasis supplied)
10. There cannot be any doubt
that the ratio
in Sun Export Case (supra) that, if two views
are possible in interpreting the exemption notification, the one favourable to
the assesseee in the matter of taxation has to be preferred. This principle
created confusion and resulted in unsatisfactory state of law. In spite of catena of judgments of this Court, which took the contra view, holding that an
exemption notification must be strictly construed, and if a person claiming
exemption does not fall strictly within the description of the notification
otherwise then he cannot claim exemption.
11. About
three years after Sun Export Case (supra), in the year 2000, this Court in Surendra Cotton
Oil Mills Case (supra),
expressed reservations as to the soundness of the dicta in Sun Export Case (supra), observing that Sun Export Case (supra) ignored catenaof
judgments of this Court expressing contra view. This Court prima facie came to the conclusion with regard to the principle that when
two views are possible, one favourable to the assessee in matters of taxation
has to be preferred, is unexceptionable when interpreting the charging section
of a taxation statute, but the opposite principle would be applicable in
interpretation of exemption notification. The threeJudge Bench in the referral
order further observed that the views expressed in Sun Export Case (supra) with regard to interpretation
of exemption notification to support the conclusion, required reconsideration.
12. We
may, here itself notice that the distinction in interpreting a taxing provision
(charging provision) and in the matter of interpretation of exemption
notification is too obvious to require any elaboration. Nonetheless, in a
nutshell, we may mention that, as observed in Surendra Cotton
Oil Mills Case (supra),
in the matter of interpretation of charging section of a taxation statute, strict
rule of interpretation is mandatory and if there are two views possible in the
matter of interpretation of a charging section, the one favourable to the
assessee need to be applied. There is, however, confusion in the matter of
interpretation of exemption notification published under taxation statutes and
in this area also, the decisions are galore1.
13. We
may passingly, albeit, briefly reiterate the general principles of
interpretation, which were also adverted to 1 See:
Sun Export
Corporation, Bombay v. Collector of Customs, Bombay and Anr., (1997) 6 SCC 564; Commissioner of
Central Excise, Pune v. Abhi Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., (2005) 3 SCC 541; Collector of
Central Excise, Bombay1 and Anr. v. Parle Exports (Pvt.) Ltd., (1989) 1 SCC 345; Commissioner of
Customs (Import), Mumbai v. Konkan Synthetic Fibres, (2012) 6 SCC 339; Collector of Customs,
Bombay v. Swastic Wollens (Pvt.) Ltd. And Ors., (1988) Supp. SCC 796; Commissioner of
Customs (Preventive), Gujarat v. Reliance Petroleum Ltd., (2008) 7 SCC 220.by both the counsel. In
his treatise, ‘Principles of Statutory Interpretation’ Justice G.P. Singh,
lucidly pointed the importance of construction of statutes in a modern State as
under:
“Legislation in modern State is actuated with some policy to
curb some public evil or to effectuate some public benefit. The legislation is primarily
directed to the problems before the Legislature based on information derived
from past and present experience. It may also be designed by use of general
words to cover similar problems arising in future. But, from the very nature of
things, it is impossible to anticipate fully the varied situations arising in future
in which the application of the legislation in hand may be called for, and,
words chosen to communicate such indefinite ‘referents’ are bound to be, in
many cases lacking in clarity and precision and thus giving rise tocontroversial
questions of construction.”
14. An
Act of Parliament/Legislature cannot foresee all types of situations and all
types of consequences. It is for the Court to see whether a particular case
falls within the broad principles of law enacted by the Legislature. Here, the principles of interpretation of statutes come in handy.
In spite of the fact that experts in the field assist in drafting the Acts and
Rules, there are many occasions where the language used and the phrases employed
in the statute are not perfect. Therefore, Judges and Courts need to interpret
the words.
15. In
doing so, the principles of interpretation have been evolved in common law. It
has also been the practice for the appropriate legislative body to enact
Interpretation Acts or General Clauses Act. In all the Acts and Regulations,
made either by the Parliament orLegislature, the words and phrases as defined
in the General Clauses Act and the principles of interpretation laid down in
General Clauses Act are to be necessarily kept in view. If while interpreting a
Statutory law, any doubt arises as to the meaning to be assigned to a word or a
phrase or a clause used in an enactment and such word, phrase or clause is not
specifically defined, it is legitimate and indeed mandatory to fall back on
General Clauses Act. Notwithstanding this, we should remember that when there
is repugnancy or conflict as to the subject or context between the General
Clauses Act and a statutory provision which falls for interpretation, the Court
must necessarily refer to the provisions of statute.
16. The
purpose of interpretation is essentially to know the intention of the
Legislature. Whether the Legislature intended to apply the law in a given case;
whether the Legislature intended to exclude operation of law in a given case;
whether Legislature intended to give discretion to enforcing authority or to
adjudicating agency to apply the law, are essentially questions to which
answers can be sought only by knowing the intention of the legislation. Apart
from the general principles of interpretation of statutes, there are certain internal
aids and external aids which are tools for interpreting the statutes.
17. The
long title, the preamble, the heading, the marginal note, punctuation,
illustrations, definitions or dictionary clause, a proviso to a section, explanation,
examples, a schedule to the Act etc., are internal aids to construction. The
external aids to construction are Parliamentary debates, history leading to the
legislation, other statutes which have a bearing, dictionaries, thesaurus.
18. It is well accepted that a
statute must be construed according to the intention of the Legislature and the
Courts should act upon the true intention of the legislation while applying law
and while interpreting law. If a statutory provision is open to more than one meaning,
the Court has to choose the interpretation which represents the intention of
the Legislature. In this connection, the following observations made by this Court
in District Mining Officer vs. Tata Iron and Steel Co., (2001) 7 SCC 358, may be
noticed:
“… A
statute is an edict of the Legislature and in construing a statute, it is necessary,
to seek the intention of its maker. A statute has to be construed according to
the intent of them that make it and the duty of the Court is to act upon the
true intention of the Legislature. If astatutory provision is open to more than
one interpretation the Court has to choose that interpretation which represents
the true intention of the Legislature. This task very often raises the
difficulties because of various reasons, inasmuch as the words used may not be
scientific symbols having any precise or definite meaning and the language may
be an imperfect medium to convey one’s thought or that the assembly of
Legislatures consisting of persons of various shades of opinion purport to convey
a meaning which may be obscure.
It is impossible even for the most imaginative Legislature to
forestall exhaustively situations and circumstances that may emerge after
enacting a statute where its application may be called for.
Nonetheless, the function of the Courts is only to expound and
not to legislate.
Legislation in a modern State is actuated with some policy to
curb some public evil or to effectuate some public benefit. The legislation is
primarily directed to the problems before the Legislature based on information
derived from past and present experience. It may also be designed by useof
general words to cover similar problems arising in future. But, from the very nature
of things, it is impossible to anticipate fully the varied situations arising
in future in which the application of the legislation in hand may be called
for, and, words chosen to communicate such indefinite referents are bound to be
in many cases lacking in clarity and precision and thus giving rise to
controversial questions of construction. The process of construction combines
both literal and purposive approaches. In other words the legislative intention
i.e., the true or legal meaning of an enactment is derived by considering the
meaning of the words used in the enactment in the light of any discernible
purpose or object which comprehends the mischief and its remedy to which the
enactment is directed…”
19. The
well settled principle is that when the words in a statute are clear, plain and
unambiguous and only one meaning can be inferred, the Courts are bound to giveeffect
to the said meaning irrespective of consequences. If the words in the statute are plain and unambiguous, it
becomes necessary to expound those words in their natural and ordinary sense.
The words used declare the intention of the Legislature. In Kanai Lal Sur v. Paramnidhi Sadhukhan, AIR 1957 SC 907, it was held
that if the words used are capable of one construction only then it would not
be open to the Courts to adopt any other hypothetical construction on the
ground that such construction is more consistent with the alleged object and
policy of the Act.
20. In
applying rule of plain meaning any hardship and inconvenience cannot be the
basis to alter the meaning to the language employed by the legislation. This is
especially so in fiscal statutes and penal statutes. Nevertheless, if the plain language results in absurdity, the
Court is entitled to determine the meaning of theword in the context in which
it is used keeping in view the legislative purpose. (Assistant Commissioner, Gadag SubDivision, Gadag v. Mathapathi Basavannewwa, 1995 (6) SCC 355) Not only that, if the
plain construction leads to anomaly and absurdity, the court having regard to
the hardship and consequences that flow from such a provision can even explain
the true intention of the legislation. Having observed general principles
applicable to statutory interpretation, it is now time to consider rules of interpretation
with respect to taxation.
21. In
construing penal statutes and taxation statutes, the Court has to apply strict
rule of interpretation. The penal statute which tends to deprive a person of
right to life and liberty has to be given strict interpretation or else many
innocent might become victims of discretionary decision making. Insofar as
taxation statutes are concerned, Article 265 of the Constitution (265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.- No tax shall be levied or
collected except by authority of law.) prohibits the State from extracting tax from the citizens without
authority of law. It is axiomatic that taxation statute has to be interpreted
strictly because State cannot at their whims and fancies burden the citizens without
authority of law. In other words, when competent Legislature mandates taxing
certain persons/certain objects in certain circumstances, it cannot be
expanded/interpreted to include those, which were not intended by the
Legislature.
22. At
the outset, we must clarify the position of ‘plain meaning rule or clear and
unambiguous rule’ with respect of tax law. ‘The plain meaning rule’ suggests that
when the language in the statute is plain and unambiguous, the Court has to
read and understand the plain language as such, and there is no scope for any
interpretation. This salutary maxim flows from the phrase “cum inverbis nulla
ambiguitas est, non debetadmitti voluntatis quaestio”. Following such maxim,
the courts sometimes have made strict interpretation subordinate to the plain
meaning rule, (Mangalore Chemicals Case (Infra para 37)) though strict interpretation
is used in the precise sense. To say that strict interpretation involves plain
reading of the statute and to say that one has to utilize strict interpretation
in the event of ambiguity is selfcontradictory.
23. Next,
we may consider the meaning and scope of ‘strict interpretation’, as evolved in
Indian law and how the higher Courts have made a distinction while interpreting
a taxation statute on one hand and tax exemption notification on the other. In
Black’s Law Dictionary (10th
Edn.) ‘strict
interpretation’ is described as under:
Strict interpretation. (16c) 1. An interpretation according to
the narrowest, most literal meaning of the words without regard for context and
other permissible meanings. 2. An
interpretation according to what the interpreter narrowly believes to have been
the specific intentions or understandings of the text’s authors or ratifiers,
and no more.Also termed (in senses 1 & 2) strict construction, literal interpretation;
literal construction; restricted interpretation; interpretatio stricta;
interpretatio restricta; interpretatio verbalis. 3. The philosophy underlying
strict interpretation of statues.Also termed as close interpretation;
interpretatio restrictive. See strict constructionism under constructionism. Cf. large
interpretation; liberal interpretation (2).
“Strict construction of a statute is that which refuses to
expand the law by implications or equitable considerations, but confines its
operation to cases which are clearly within the letter of the statute, as well
as within its spirit or reason, not so as to defeat the manifest purpose of the
legislature, but so as to resolve all reasonable doubts against the applicability
of the statute to the particular case.’ Willam M. Lile et al.,Brief Making and
the use of Law Books 343 (Roger W. Cooley & Charles Lesly Ames eds., 3d ed.
1914).
“Strict interpretation is an equivocal expression, for it means
either literal or narrow. When a provision is ambiguous, one of its meaning may
be wider than the other, and the strict (i.e., narrow) sense is not necessarily
the strict (i.e., literal) sense.” John Salmond , Jurisprudence 171 n. (t)
(Glanville L. Williams ed., 10th ed.
1947).
24. As
contended by Ms. Pinky Anand, learned Additional Solicitor General, the
principle of literal interpretation and the principle of strict interpretation
are sometimes used interchangeably. This principle, however, may not be
sustainable in all contexts and situations. There is certainly scope to sustain
an argument that all cases of literal interpretation would involve strict rule
of interpretation, but strict rule may not necessarily involve the former,
especially in the area of taxation.The decision of this Court in Punjab Land Development
and Reclamation Corporation Ltd., Chandigarh v. Presiding Officer, Labour Court
Chandigarh and Ors., (1990)
3 SCC 682, made the said distinction, and explained the literal rule-
“The literal rules of
construction require the wording of the Act to be construed according to its
literal and grammatical meaning whatever the result may be. Unless otherwise provided, the same word must normally be
construed throughout the Act in the same sense, and in the case of old statutes
regard must be had to its contemporary meaning if there has been no change with
the passage of time.”
That
strict interpretation does not encompass strictliteralism into its fold. It may
be relevant to note that simply juxtaposing ‘strict interpretation’ with
‘literal rule’ would result in ignoring an important aspect thatis ‘apparent
legislative intent’. We are alive to the fact that there may be overlapping in
some cases between the aforesaid two rules. With certainty, we can observe that,
‘strict interpretation’ does not encompass such literalism, which lead to
absurdity and go against the legislative intent. As noted above, if literalism
is at the far end of the spectrum, wherein it accepts no implications or
inferences, then ‘strict interpretation’ can be implied to accept some form of
essential inferences which literal rule may not accept.
25. We
are not suggesting that literal rule de hors the strict interpretation nor one should ignore to ascertain the
interplay between ‘strict interpretation’ and ‘literal interpretation’. We may
reiterate at the cost of repetition that strict interpretation of a statute
certainly involves literal or plain meaning test. The other tools of interpretation,
namely contextual or purposive interpretation cannot be applied nor any resort
be made to look to other supporting material, especially in taxation statutes.
Indeed, it is well settled that in a taxation statute, there is no room for any
intendment; that regard must be had to the clear meaning of the words and that
the matter should be governed wholly by the language of the notification.
Equity has no place in interpretation of a tax statute. Strictly one has to
look to the language used; there is no room for searching intendment nor
drawing any presumption. Furthermore, nothing has to be read into nor should anything be
implied other than essential inferences while considering a taxation statute.
26. Justice
G.P. Singh, in his treatise ‘Principles of Statutory Interpretation’ (14th ed. 2016 p. – 879) after referring
to Re, Micklethwait, (1885) 11 Ex 452; Partington v. A.G., (1869) LR 4 HL 100; RajasthanRajya
Sahakari Spinning & Ginning Mills Federation Ltd. v. Deputy CIT, Jaipur, (2014) 11 SCC 672, State Bank of
Travancore v. Commissioner of Income Tax, (1986) 2 SCC 11 and Cape Brandy Syndicate v. IRC, (1921) 1 KB 64, summed
up the law in the following manner-
“A taxing statute is to be strictly construed. The
wellestablished rule in the familiar words of LORD WENSLEYDALE, reaffirmed by
LORD HALSBURY AND LORD SIMONDS, means: ‘The subject is not to be taxed without
clear words for that purpose; and also that every Act of Parliament must be
read according to the natural construction of its words. In a classic passage
LORD CAIRNS stated the principle thus: “If the person sought to be taxed comes
within the letter of the law he must be taxed, however great the hardship may
appear to the judicial mind to be. On the other hand, if the Crown seeking to recover
the tax, cannot bring the subject within the letter of the law, the subject isfree,
however apparently within the spirit of law the case might otherwise appear to be.
In other words, if there be admissible in any statute, what is called an
equitable construction, certainly, such a construction is not admissible in a
taxing statute where you can simply adhere to the words of the statute.
VISCOUNT SIMON quoted with approval a passage from ROWLATT, J. expressing the
principle in the following words: “In a taxing Act one has to look merely at
what is clearly said. This is no room for any intendment. There is no equity about a
tax. There is no presumption as to tax. Nothing is to be read in, nothing is to
be implied. One can only look fairly at the language used.”
It was further observed:
“In all tax matters one
has to interpret the taxation statute strictly. Simply because one class of
legal entities is given a benefit which is specifically stated in the Act, does
not mean that the benefit can be extended to legal entities not referred to in
the Act as there is no equity in matters of taxation….”
Yet again, it was
observed:
“It may
thus be taken as a maxim of tax law, which although not to be overstressed
ought not to be forgotten that, “the subject is not to be taxed unless the
words of the taxing statute unambiguously impose the tax on him”, [Russel v.
Scott, (1948) 2 All ER 1]. The proper course in construing revenue Acts is to
give a fair and reasonable construction to their language without leaning to
one side or the other but keeping in mind that no tax can be imposed without
words clearly showing an intention to lay the burden and that equitable
construction of the words is not permissible [Ormond Investment Co. v. Betts, (1928) AC 143]. Considerations of hardship, injustice or
anomalies do not play any useful role in construing taxing statutes unless
there be some real ambiguity [Mapp v. Oram, (1969) 3 All ER 215]. It has also
been said that if taxing provision is “so wanting in clarity that no meaning is
reasonably clear, the courts will be unable to regard it as of any effect[IRC
v. Ross and Coutler, (1948) 1 All ER 616].”
Further elaborating on this aspect, the learned author stated as
follows:
“Therefore,
if the words used are ambiguous and reasonable open to two interpretations
benefit of interpretation is given to the subject [Express Mill v. Municipal Committee, Wardha, AIR 1958 SC 341]. If the
Legislature fails to express itself clearly and the taxpayer escapes by not
being brought within the letter of the law, no question of unjustness as such arises
[CIT v. Jalgaon Electric Supply Co., AIR 1960 SC 1182]. But equitable considerations
are not relevant in construing a taxing statute, [CIT, W.B. v. Central India Industries, AIR 1972 SC 397], and similarly logic
or reason cannot be of much avail in interpreting a taxing statute [Azam Jha v.
Expenditure Tax Officer, Hyderabad, AIR 1972 SC 2319]. It is well settled that
in the field of taxation, hardship or equity has no role to play in determining
eligibility to tax and it is forthe Legislature to determine the same [Kapil
Mohan v. Commr. of Income Tax, Delhi, AIR 1999 SC 573]. Similarly, hardship or
equity is not relevant in interpreting provisions imposing stamp duty, which is
a tax, and the court should not concern itself with the intention of the Legislature
when the language expressing such intention is plain and unambiguous [State of
Madhya Pradesh v. Rakesh Kohli & Anr., (2012) 6 SCC 312]. But just as reliance
upon equity does not avail an assesse, so it does not avail the Revenue.”
The passages extracted
above, were quoted with approval by this Court in at least two decisions being Commissioner of
Income Tax vs. Kasturi Sons Ltd.,
(1999) 3 SCC 346 and State of West Bengal vs. Kesoram Industries Limited, (2004) 10 SCC 201 [hereinafter referred
as ‘Kesoram Industries
Case’ for brevity]. In the later decision, a
Bench of seven Judges, after citing the abovepassage from Justice G.P. Singh’s
treatise, summed up the following principles applicable to the interpretation
of a taxing statute:
“(i)
In interpreting a taxing statute, equitable considerations are entirely out of place.
A taxing statute cannot be interpreted on any presumption or assumption. A
taxing statute has to be interpreted in the light of what is clearly expressed;
it cannot imply anything which is not expressed; it cannot import provisions in
the statute so as to supply any deficiency;
(ii) Before taxing any person, it
must be shown that he falls within the ambit of the charging section by clear
words used in the section; and
(iii) If the words are ambiguous and open to two
interpretations, the benefit of interpretation is given to the subject and there
is nothing unjust in a taxpayer escaping if the letter of the law fails to catch
him on account of Legislature’s failure to express itself clearly”.
27. Now coming to the other
aspect, as we presently discuss, even with regard to exemption clauses or exemption
notifications issued under a taxing statute, this Court in some cases has taken
the view that the ambiguity in an exemption notification should be construed in
favour of the subject. In subsequent cases, this Court diluted the principle
saying that mandatory requirements of exemption clause should be interpreted
strictly and the directory conditions of such exemption notification can be
condoned if there is sufficient compliance with the main requirements. This, however,
did not in any manner tinker with the view that an ambiguous exemption clause
should be interpreted favouring the revenue. Here again this Court applied
different tests when considering the ambiguity of the exemption notification
which requires strict construction and after doing so at the stage ofapplying
the notification, it came to the conclusion that one has to consider liberally.
28.With
the above understanding the stage is now set to consider the core issue. In the
event of ambiguity in an exemption notification, should the benefit of such ambiguity
go to the subject/assessee or should such ambiguity should be construed in
favour of the revenue, denying the benefit of exemption to the subject/assessee?
There are catena of case laws in this area of interpretation of an exemption
notification, which we need to consider herein. The case of Commissioner of
Inland Revenue vs. James Forrest, [(1890) 15 AC 334 (HL)] – is a case which does not discuss the
interpretative test to be applied to exemption clauses in a taxation statute –
however, it was observed that ‘it would be unreasonable to suppose that an exemption was wide
as practicable to make thetax inoperative, that it cannot be assumed to have
been in the mind of the Legislature’ and that exemption ‘from taxation to some extent increased the burden on other members
of the community’.
Though this is a dissenting view of Lord Halsbury, LC, in subsequent decisions
this has been quoted vividly to support the conclusion that any vagueness in
the exemption clauses must go to the benefit of the revenue. Be that as it is,
in our country, at least from 1955, there appears to be a consistent view that
if the words in a taxing statute (not exemption clause) are ambiguous and open
to two interpretations, the benefit of interpretation is given to the subject
and it does not matter if the taxpayer escapes the tax net on account of
Legislatures’ failure to express itself clearly (See the passage extracted
hereinabove from Kesoram Industries Case (supra)).
29.The
first case with which we need to concern ourselves is the case in Union of India v.
The Commercial Tax Officer, West Bengal and Ors., AIR 1956 SC 202. It may be
noted that this case was dealt with by five learned Judges of this Court
resulting in two different opinions; one by the then Chief Justice of India,
S.R. Das for the majority, and Justice B.P. Sinha (as His Lordship
then was) rendering minority view. The question before this Court was whether
the sale of goods made by one private mill to the Government of India, Ministry
of Industries and Supplies were to be deducted as taxable turnover of the mill
for the exemption given under Section 5 of the Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941
(Bengal Act VI of 1941). The exemption under Section 5(2)(a)(iii) of the Bengal
Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 provided for exemption ‘to sales to the Indian
Stores Department, the Supply Department of the Government of India, and any
railway or water transportadministration’. The Court was to interpret the aforesaid provision in order
to ascertain whether the sale to the Government of India, Ministry of
Industries and Supplies would be covered under the Section.
30.The
majority was of the view that the Government of India, Ministry of Industries
and Supplies was not similar to those mentioned in the exemption notification.
The majority extensively relied on the history and origin of Ministry of
Industries and Supplies and concluded that the functions of the aforesaid Ministry
were different from the erstwhile departments mentioned under the exemption
provision. The majority reasoned that the exemption being the creation of the statute
itself, it should have to be construed strictly and the interpretation cannot
be extended to sales to other departments. We might find some clue as to the content
of a strict construction also. It was canvassedbefore the Court that the object
of Section 5(2)(a)(iii) of the relevant statute, was to give exemption not to
the particular departments but to the sale of such goods to those departments
and, therefore, sale of those goods made to any Departments of the Government
of India, which came to be charged with the duty of purchasing those goods
should also come within the purview of the exemption. The Court while repelling
the aforesaid interpretation, reasoned as under:
“We are unable to accept this line of reasoning. This
interpretation will unduly narrow the scope and ambit of the exemption by
limiting it to sales of only those goods as, at the date of the Act, used to be
sold to those two departments and sales of other goods even to those two
departments, however necessary for the prosecution of the war, would not get
benefit of the exemption. Such could not possibly be the intention of the Legislature as
expressed by the language used by it in framing the Section.”
31.The aforesaid placitum is
suggestive of the fact that the Courts utilized the rule of strict
interpretation in order to decipher the intention of the Legislature and thereafter
provide appropriate interpretation for the exemption provided under the
provisions of the Act which was neither too narrow nor too broad. It may be noted
that the majority did not take a narrow view as to what strict interpretation
would literally mean; rather they combined legislative intent to ascertain the meaning
of the statute in accordance with the objective intent of the Legislature.
32. On
the contrary, the minority opinion of Justice B.P. Sinha (as His Lordship then was) provided a purposive interpretation
for Section 5(2)(a)(iii) of the Act, which is clear from the following passage:
“The judgment under appeal
is based chiefly on the consideration that the exemption clause in question
does not interms refer to the newly created department which now goes by the
name of the Ministry of Industry and Supply. But this department in so far as it deals with industry, is not
concerned with the main purchasing activities of the Government of India. The
exemption was granted in respect of the purchasing activity of the Government
of India and that function continues to be assigned to the Supply Department
which has now become a wing of the newly created department of the Government.
The question therefore arises whether in those circumstances the Government of
India could claim the benefit of the exemption. The High Court in answering that question in the negative has
gone upon mere nomenclature. It has emphasized the change in the name and
overlooked the substance of the matter.”
33. The
minority construed ‘strict interpretation’ to be an interpretation wherein
least number of “determinates in terms of quantity” would fall under the
exemption. The minority referred to an old English case ofCommissioner of
Inland Revenue v. James Forrest, (1890) 15 AC 334. It may be relevant to note that the minority
could not find the justification to apply strict interpretation as the
exemption notification was broad enough to include exemptions for commodities purchased
by the Government of India. The Court was of the opinion that the strict
interpretation provided by the majority was uncalled for as there was no
additional burden on others by giving such exemptions. The relevant
observations are as follows-
“The High Court referred to the observations of Lord Halsbury
in the case of Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. James Forrest (1890) 15 AC
334, to the effect that exemptions from taxation should be strictly construed
because otherwise the burden of taxation will fall on other members of the community.
Those observations, in my opinion, have no relevance to the facts and circumstances
of the present controversy, because we know that the exemption was granted to
the Government of India in thedepartment dealing with purchase of certain commodities
and articles without reference to quantity. As already pointed out, the Indian
Stores Department was concerned with purchase of stores for public services on behalf
of all Central Departments of Government and local Government, etc., and the
Government of Bengal as then constituted was one of the provinces of India which
have been receiving subsidies and subventions to make up the deficit in their budgets.
As a matter of fact, as stated on behalf of the Bengal Government the concession
was granted in order to enable business communities within the province of Bengal
to compete on favourable terms with others outside Bengal in the matter of supplying
the needs of the Government. Hence, there is no question of liberal construction of the
exemption resulting in throwing a greater burden on other citizens. On the other hand, the larger the sales in the province of
Bengal as it used to be, the greater the benefit to the business community
doing business within that province. It was therefore stated at the Bar that
though the present case involved taxesamounting to less than Rs.10,000, the question
arising for determination in this case affected much larger amounts because such
sales within the province amounted to several crores. I should have thought
that the business community in the province of Bengal having had the advantage
of the transactions of sale, the Government of Bengal in all fairness should
have allowed the purchasing agency of the Government of India the benefit of
the exemption until that benefit was in terms withdrawn sometimes in the
beginning of 1949.”
34. In
Hansraj Gordhandas
v. H.H. Dave, Asst. Collector of Central Excise & Customs, Surat and Ors., AIR 1970 SC 755 = (1969)
2 SCR 253 [hereinafter
referred as ‘Hansraj Gordhandas
Case’ for brevity], wherein this Court was
called upon to interpret an exemption notification issued under the Central
Excise Act. It would be relevant to understand the factual context which gave
rise to the aforesaid case before the Court. The appellant was sole proprietor who used to procure cotton from
a cooperative society during the relevant period. The society had agreed to
carry out the weaving work for the appellant on payment of fixed weaving charges
at Re.0.19 np. per yard which included expenses the society would have to incur
in transporting the aforesaid cotton fabric. In the years 1959 and 1960, the
Government issued an exemption notification which exempted cotton fabrics
produced by any cooperative society formed of owners of cotton power looms, registered
on or before 31st March, 1961. The question before
the Court was whether the appellant who got the cotton fabric produced from one
of the registered cooperative society was also covered under the aforesaid notification.
It may be of some significance that the revenue tried to interpret the
aforesaid exemption by relying on the purposive interpretation by contending that
the object of granting the above exemption was to encourage the formation of
cooperative societies whichnot only produced cotton fabrics but also consisted
of members, not only owning but having actually operated not more than four
power looms during the three years immediately preceding their having joined
the society. The policy was that instead of each such member operating his
looms on his own, he should combine with others by forming a society to produce
clothes. It was argued that the goods produced for which exemption could be
claimed must be goods produced on his own and on behalf by the society. The
court did not countenance such purposive interpretation. It was held that a
taxing legislation should be interpreted wholly by the language of the
notification. The relevant observations are:
“It is wellestablished that in a taxing statute there is no room
for any intendment but regard must be had to the clear meaning of the words.
The entire matter is governed wholly by the language of the notification. If the
taxpayer is within the plain terms of theexemption it cannot be denied its
benefit by calling in aid any supposed intention of the exempting authority. If
such intention can be gathered from the construction of the words of the
notification or by necessary implication therefrom, the matter is different, but
that is not the case here. In this connection we may refer to the observations of
Lord Watson in Salomon vs. Salomon & Co., (1897) AC 22):
‘Intention of the
Legislature is a common but very slippery phrase, which, popularly understood
may signify anything from intention embodied in positive enactment to speculative
opinion as to what the legislature probably would have meant, although there has
been an omission to enact it. In a Court of Law or Equity, what the Legislature
intended to be done or not to be done can only be legitimately ascertained from
that which it has chosen to enact, either in express words or by reasonable and
necessary implication.’
It is an application of this principle that a statutory
notification may not be extended so as to meet a casus omissus. As appears inthe
judgment of the Privy Council in Crawford v. Spooner.
‘… we cannot aid the Legislature’s defective phrasing of the
Act, we cannot add, and mend, and, by construction, make up deficiencies which
are left there.’
Learned Counsel for the respondents is possibly right in his
submission that the object behind the two notifications is to encourage the
actual manufacturers of handloom cloth to switch over to power looms by
constituting themselves in cooperative Societies. But the operation of the notifications
has to be judged not by the object which the rule making authority had in mind
but by the words which it has employed to effectuate the legislative intent.”
35. In the judgment of two
learned Judges in Union of India v. Wood Papers Limited, (1990) 4 SCC 256 [hereinafter referred
as ‘Wood
Papers Ltd. Case’
for brevity], a distinction between
stage of finding out the eligibility to seek exemption and stage of applying
the nature of exemption was made. Relying on the decisionin Collector of
Central Excise vs. Parle Exports (P) Ltd., (1989) 1 SCC 345, it was held “Do not extend or widen
the ambit at the stage of applicability. But once that hurdle is crossed,
construe it liberally”.
The reasoning for arriving at such conclusion is found in para 4 of Wood Papers Ltd.
Case (supra),
which reads-
“… Literally
exemption is freedom from liability, tax or duty. Fiscally, it may assume varying
shapes, specially, in a growing economy. For instance tax holiday to new units,
concessional rate of tax to goods or persons for limited period or with the
specific objective etc. That is why its construction, unlike charging
provision, has to be tested on different touchstone. In fact, an exemption
provision is like an exception and on normal principle of construction or interpretation
of statutes it is construed strictly either because of legislative intention or
on economic justification of inequitable burden or progressive approach of
fiscal provisions intended to augment State revenue. But once exception or
exemption becomes applicable no rule or principles requires it to be construed
strictly. Truly
speaking liberal and strict construction of an exemption provision are to be
invoked at different stages of interpreting it. When the question is whether a subject falls in the notification
or in the exemption clause then it being in nature of exception is to be
construed strictly and against the subject, but once ambiguity or doubt about
applicability is lifted and the subject falls in the notification then full
play should be given to it and it calls for a wider and liberal construction…”
(emphasis supplied)
36. In Mangalore
Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd. vs. Dy. Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, (1992) Supp. 1 SCC 21 [hereinafter referred
as ‘Mangalore
Chemicals Case’
for brevity], the facts of the case
were that the State Government issued a notification in exercise of power under
Section 8A of the Karnataka Sales TaxAct, 1957, providing certain incentives to
entrepreneurs starting new industries in the State pursuant to State’s policy
for “rapid industrialization”. The notification contains a package of reliefs
and incentives including one concerning relief from payment of sales tax with which
the case was concerned. There was no dispute that the appellant was entitled to
the benefit of the Notification dated June 30, 1969. There was also no dispute
that the refunds were eligible to be adjusted against sales tax payable for
respective years. The only controversy was whether the appellant, not having actually
secured the “prior permission” would be entitled to adjustment having regard to
the words of the Notification of August 11, 1975, that “until permission of
renewal is granted by the Deputy Commissioner of Commercial Taxes, the new
industry should not be allowed to adjust the refunds”. The contention of the appellants
therein was that the permission for the threeyears had been sought well before
the commencement of the respective years but had been withheld for reasons which
were demonstrably extraneous. Therefore, contention was that if, in these
circumstances, the Deputy Commissioner could withold the permission.
37. This
Court while accepting the interpretation provided by the appellant, observed on
the aspect of strict construction of a provision concerning exemptions as follows:
“… There is support of
judicial opinion to the view that exemptions from taxation have a tendency to
increase the burden on the other unexempted class of tax payers and should be
construed against the subject in case of ambiguity. It is an equally well known
principle that a person who claims an exemption has to establish his case.
… The choice between a strict and a liberal construction arises
only in case ofdoubt in regard to the intention of the legislature manifest on
the statutory language. Indeed, the need to resort to any interpretative
process arises only where the meaning is not manifest on the plain words of the
statute. If the words are plain and clear and directly convey the meaning,
there is no need for any interpretation. It appears to us the true rule of
construction of a provision as to exemption is the one stated by this Court in
Union of India v. Wood Papers Ltd. [(1990) 4 SCC 256 = 1990 SCC (Tax) 422 = JT (1991) SC 151]”
Three important aspects
which comes out of the discussion are the recognition of horizontal equity by this
court as a consideration for application of strict interpretation, subjugation
of strict interpretation to the plain meaning rule and interpretation in favour
of exclusion in light of ambiguity.
38. We
will now consider another Constitution Bench decision in Commissioner of
Central Excise, New Delhi v. Hari Chand Shri Gopal, (2011) 1 SCC 236 [hereinafter referred
as ‘Hari Chand Case’ for brevity]. We need not refer to the facts of the case which gave rise to
the questions for consideration before the Constitutional Bench. K.S.
Radhakrishnan, J., who wrote the unanimous opinion for the Constitution Bench,
framed the question, viz., whether manufacturer of a specified final product
falling under Schedule to the Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 is eligible to
get the benefit of exemption of remission of excise duty on specified
intermediate goods as per the Central Government Notification dated 11.08.1994,
if captively consumed for the manufacture of final product on the ground that
the records kept by it at the recipient end would indicate its “intended use”
and “substantial compliance” with procedure set out in Chapter 10 of theCentral
Excise Rules, 1994, for consideration? The Constitution Bench answering the
said question concluded that a manufacturer qualified to seek exemption was
required to comply with the preconditions for claiming exemption and therefore
is not exempt or absolved from following the statutory requirements as
contained in the Rules. The Constitution Bench then considered and reiterated
the settled principles qua the
test of construction of exemption clause, the mandatory requirements to be complied
with and the distinction between the eligibility criteria with reference to the
conditions which need to be strictly complied with and the conditions which
need to be substantially complied with. The Constitution Bench followed the ratio in Hansraj Gordhandas
Case (supra),
to reiterate the law on the aspect of interpretation of exemption clause in para 29 as follows-
“The law is well settled
that a person who claims exemption or concession has to establish that he is
entitled to that exemption or concession. A provision providing for an
exemption, concession or exception, as the case may be, has to be construed
strictly with certain exceptions depending upon the settings on which the provision
has been placed in the statute and the object and purpose to be achieved. If exemption is available on complying with certain conditions,
the conditions have to be complied with. The mandatory requirements of those
conditions must be obeyed or fulfilled exactly, thought at times, some latitude
can be shown, if there is failure to comply with some requirements which are
directory in nature, the noncompliance of which would not affect the essence or
substance of the notification granting exemption.”
39. The Constitution Bench
then considered the doctrine of substantial compliance and “intended use”. The relevant
portions of the observations in paras 31 to 34 are in the following terms –
“31. Of course, some of the provisions of an exemption
notification may be directory in nature and some are mandatory in nature. A distinction between the provisions of a statute which are of
substantive character and were built in with certain specific objectives of
policy, on the one hand, and those which are merely procedural and technical in
there nature, on the other, must be kept clearly distinguished… Doctrine of
substantial compliance and “intended use”
32. The doctrine of substantial compliance is a judicial
invention, equitable in nature, designed to avoid hardship in cases where a party
does all that can reasonably be expected of it, but failed or faulted in some minor
or inconsequent aspects which cannot be described as the “essence” or the “substance”
of the requirements. Like the concept of “reasonableness”, the acceptance or
otherwise of a plea of “substantial compliance” depends upon the facts and circumstances
of each case and the purposeand object to be achieved and the context of the
prerequisites which are essential to achieve the object and purpose of the rule
or the regulation. Such a defence cannot be pleased if a clear statutory
prerequisite which effectuates the object and the purpose of the statute has
not been met. Certainly, it means that the Court should determine whether the
statute has been followed sufficiently so as to carry out the intent for which
the statute was enacted and not a mirror image type of strict compliance. Substantial compliance means “actual compliance in respect to
the substance essential to every reasonable objective of the statute” and the
Court should determine whether the statute has been followed sufficiently so as
to carry out the intent of the statute and accomplish the reasonable objectives
for which it was passed.
33. A fiscal statute generally
seeks to preserve the need to comply strictly with regulatory requirements that
are important, especially when a party seeks the benefits of an exemption
clause that are important. Substantial compliance with an enactment is insisted, where
mandatory and directory requirements are lumped together, for in such a case, if
mandatory requirements are complied with, it will be proper to say that the enactment
has been substantially complied with notwithstanding the noncompliance of
directory requirements. In cases where substantial compliance has been found,
there has been actual compliance with the statute, albeit procedurally faulty.
The doctrine of substantial compliance seeks to preserve the need to comply
strictly with the conditions or requirements that are important to invoke a tax
or duty exemption and to forgive noncompliance for either unimportant and tangential
requirements or requirements that are so confusingly or incorrectly written
that an earnest effort at compliance should be accepted.
34. The test for determining
the applicability of the substantial compliance doctrine has been the subject
of a myriad of cases and quite often, the critical question to be examined is
whether the requirements relate to the “substance” or “essence” of the statute,
if so, strict adherence to those requirements is a precondition to give effectto
that doctrine. On the other hand, if the requirements are procedural or
directory in that they are not of the “essence” of the thing to be done but are
given with a view to the orderly conduct of business, they may be fulfilled by
substantial, if not strict compliance. In other words, a mere attempted
compliance may not be sufficient, but actual compliance with those factors which
are considered as essential.”
40. After
considering the various authorities, some of which are adverted to above, we
are compelled to observe how true it is to say that there exists unsatisfactory
state of law in relation to interpretation of exemption clauses. Various Benches which decided the question of interpretation of
taxing statute on one hand and exemption notification on the other, have
broadly assumed (we are justified to say this) that the position is well
settled in the interpretation of a taxing statute: It is the law that any
ambiguity in a taxing statute should enure to the benefit of the subject/assessee,
but anyambiguity in the exemption clause of exemption notification must be
conferred in favour of revenue – and such exemption should be allowed to be
availed only to those subjects/assesses who demonstrate that a case for
exemption squarely falls within the parameters enumerated in the notification
and that the claimants satisfy all the conditions precedent for availing exemption.
Presumably for this reason the Bench which decided Surendra Cotton
Oil Mills Case (supra)
observed that there exists unsatisfactory state of law and the Bench which
referred the matter initially, seriously doubted the conclusion in Sun Export Case (supra) that the ambiguity
in an exemption notification should be interpreted in favour of the assessee.
41. After
thoroughly examining the various precedents some of which were cited before us
and after giving our anxious consideration, we would be more than justifiedto
conclude and also compelled to hold that every taxing statue including,
charging, computation and exemption clause (at the threshold stage) should be
interpreted strictly. Further, in case of ambiguity in a charging provisions,
the benefit must necessarily go in favour of subject/assessee, but the same is
not true for an exemption notification wherein the benefit of ambiguity must be
strictly interpreted in favour of the Revenue/State.
42. In
Govind Saran Ganga
Saran v. Commissioner of Sales Tax, 1985 Supp (SCC) 205, this Court pointed out three components
of a taxing statute, namely subject of the tax; person liable to pay tax; and
the rate at which the tax is to be levied. If there is any ambiguity in
understanding any of the components, no tax can be levied till the ambiguity or
defect is removed by the legislature [See Mathuram Agrawal v. Sate ofMadhya
Pradesh,
(1999) 8 SCC 667; Indian Banks’ Association vs. Devkala Consultancy Service, (2004) 4 JT 587 = AIR
2004 SC 2615; and Consumer Online Foundation vs. Union of India, (2011) 5 SCC 360.]
43. There is abundant jurisprudential
justification for this. In the governance of rule of law by a written Constitution,
there is no implied power of taxation. The tax power must be specifically
conferred and it should be strictly in accordance with the power so endowed by the
Constitution itself. It is for this reason that the Courts insist upon strict
compliance before a State demands and extracts money from its citizens towards various
taxes. Any ambiguity in a taxation provision, therefore, is interpreted in
favour of the subject/assessee. The statement of law that ambiguity in a
taxation statute should be interpreted strictly and in the event of ambiguity
the benefit should go to thesubject/assessee may warrant visualizing different situations.
For instance, if there is ambiguity in the subject of tax, that is to say, who
are the persons or things liable to pay tax, and whether the revenue has established
conditions before raising and justifying a demand. Similar is the case in
roping all persons within the tax net, in which event the State is to prove the
liability of the persons, as may arise within the strict language of the law.
There cannot be any implied concept either in identifying the subject of the
tax or person liable to pay tax. That is why it is often said that subject is
not to be taxed, unless the words of the statute unambiguously impose a tax on
him, that one has to look merely at the words clearly stated and that there is
no room for any intendment nor presumption as to tax. It is only the letter of
the law and not the spirit of the law to guide the interpreter to decide the
liability to tax ignoring any amount of hardship and eschewingequity in
taxation. Thus, we may emphatically reiterate that if in the event of ambiguity
in a taxation liability statute, the benefit should go to the subject/assessee. But, in a situation where the tax exemption has to be interpreted,
the benefit of doubt should go in favour of the revenue, the aforesaid
conclusions are expounded only as a prelude to better understand
jurisprudential basis for our conclusion. We may now consider the decisions
which support our view.
44. In
Hansraj Gordhandas
Case (supra),
the Constitutional Bench unanimously pointed out that an exemption from taxation
is to be allowed based wholly by the language of the notification and exemption
cannot be gathered by necessary implication or by construction of words; in
other words, one has to look to the language alone and the object and purpose
for granting exemption is irrelevant and immaterial.
45. In Parle Exports Case
(supra), a bench of two
Judges of this Court considered the question whether nonalcoholic beverage base
like Gold spot base, Limca base and Thumps Up base, were exempted from payment
of duty under the Central Government notification of March, 1975. While
considering the issue, this Court pointed out the Strict interpretation to be
followed in interpretation of a notification for exemption. These observations
are made in para 17 of the judgment, which read as follows:
“How then should the
courts proceed? The expressions in the Schedule and in the notification for
exemption should be understood by the language employed therein bearing in mind
the context in which the expressions occur. The words used in the provision,
imposing taxes or granting exemption should be understood in the same way in
which these are understood in ordinary parlance in the area in which the law is
in force or by the people who ordinarily deal with them. It is, however, necessary
to bear in mind certain principles. The notification in this case was issued under Rule 8 of the
Central Excise Rules and should be read along with the Act. The notification
must be read as a whole in the context of the other relevant provisions. When a notification is issued in accordance with power conferred
by the statute, it has statutory force and validity and, therefore, the
exemption under the notification is as if it were contained in the Act itself.
See in this connection the observations of this Court in Orient Weaving Mills
(P) Ltd. v. Union of India, 1962 Supp 3 SCR 481 = AIR 1963 SC 98. See also
Kailash Nath v. State of U.P., AIR 1957 SC 790. The principle is well settled
that when two views of a notification are possible, it should be construed in
favour of the subject as notification is part of a fiscal enactment. But in
this connection, it is well to remember the observations of the Judicial
Committee in Coroline M. Armytage v. Frederick Wilkinson, (1878) 3 AC 355, that
it is only, however, in the event of there being a real difficulty in
ascertaining the meaning of a particular enactment that the questionof
strictness or of liberality of construction arises. The Judicial Committee
reiterated in the said decision at page 369 of the report that in a taxing Act
provisions enacting an exception to the general rule of taxation are to be
construed strictly against those who invoke its benefit. While interpreting an exemption
clause, liberal interpretation should be imparted to the language thereof, provided
no violence is done to the language employed. It must, however, be borne in mind
that absurd results of construction should be avoided.”
In the above passage, no
doubt this Court observed that “when two views of a notification are possible, it should be
construed in favour of the subject as notification is part of fiscal document”. This observation may
appear to support the view that ambiguity in a notification for exemption must
be interpreted to benefit the subject/assessee. A careful reading of the entire
para, as extracted hereinabove would, however, suggest that anexception to the
general rule of tax has to be construed strictly against those who invoke for
their benefit. This was explained in a subsequent decision in Wood Papers Ltd.
Case (supra).
In para 6, it was observed as follows:
“… In Collector of Central Excise v. Parle Exports (P) Ltd., (1989) 1 SCC 345, this Court while
accepting that exemption clause should be construed liberally applied rigorous
test for determing if expensive items like Gold Spot base or Limca base of
Thums Up base were covered in the expression food products and food
preparations used in Item No. 68 of First Schedule of Central Excises and Salt
Act and held ‘that it should not be in consonance with spirit and the reason of
law to give exemption for nonalcoholic beverage basis under the notification in
question’. Rationale or ratio is same. Do not extend or widen the ambit at
stage of applicability. But once that hurdle is crossed construe it liberally.
Since the respondent did not fall in the first clause ofthe notification there
was no question of giving the clause a liberal construction and hold that
production of goods by respondent mentioned in the notification were entitled
to benefit.”
46. The
above decision, which is also a decision of twoJudge Bench of this Court, for
the first time took a view that liberal and strict construction of exemption provisions
are to be invoked at different stages of interpreting it. The question whether
a subject falls in the notification or in the exemption clause, has to be strictly
construed. When once the ambiguity or doubt is resolved by interpreting the
applicability of exemption clause strictly, the Court may construe the
notification by giving full play bestowing wider and liberal construction. The
ratio of Parle Exports Case (supra) deduced as follows: “Do not extend or widen the ambit at stage of applicability. But
once that hurdle is crossed, construe it liberally”.
47. We do not find any strong
and compelling reasons to differ, taking a contra view, from this. We respectfully record our concurrence to this
view which has been subsequently, elaborated by the Constitution Bench in Hari Chand Case (supra).
48. The
next authority, which needs to be referred is the case in Mangalore
Chemicals (supra). As we have already made
reference to the same earlier, repetition of the same is not necessary. From
the above decisions, the following position of law would, therefore, clear. Exemptions from taxation have tendency to increase the burden on
the other unexempted class of tax payers. A person claiming exemption,
therefore, has to establish that his case squarely falls within the exemption notification,
and while doing so, a notification should be construed against the subject in
case of ambiguity.
49. The
ratio in Mangalore Chemicals Case (supra) was approved by a threeJudge Bench in Novopan India Ltd.
v. Collector of Central Excise and Customs, 1994 Supp (3) SCC 606.
In this case, probably for the first time, the question was posed as to whether
the benefit of an exemption notification should go to the subject/assessee when
there is ambiguity. The threeJudge Bench, in the background of English and
Indian cases, in para 16, unanimously held as follows:
“We are, however, of the
opinion that, on principle, the decision of this Court in Mangalore Chemicals –
and in Union of India v. Wood Papers, referred to therein – represents the
correct view of law. The principle that in case of ambiguity, a taxing statute
should be construed in favour of the assessee – assuming that the said
principle is good and sound – does not apply to the construction of an
exception or an exempting provision, they have to be construed strictly. A
person invoking an exception or an exemption provision torelieve him of the tax
liability must establish clearly that he is covered by the said provision. In
case of doubt or ambiguity, benefit of it must go to the State….”
50. In Tata Iron &
Steel Co. Ltd. v. State of Jharkhand, (2005) 4 SCC 272, which is another twoJudge Bench decision,
this Court laid down that eligibility clause in relation to exemption
notification must be given strict meaning and in para 44, it was further held –
“The principle that in the
event a provision of fiscal statute is obscure such construction which favours
the assessee may be adopted, would have no application to construction of an
exemption notification, as in such a case it is for the assessee to show that
he comes within the purview of exemption (See Novopan India Ltd v. CCE and
Customs).”
51.
In Hari Chand Case (supra), as already
discussed, the question was whether a person claiming exemption is required to
comply with the procedure strictly to availthe benefit. The question posed and
decided was indeed different. The said decision, which we have already discussed
supra, however, indicates that while construing an exemption notification, the
Court has to distinguish the conditions which require strict compliance, the
noncompliance of which would render the assessee ineligible to claim exemption
and those which require substantial compliance to be entitled for exemption. We
are pointing out this aspect to dispel any doubt about the legal position as
explored in this decision. As already concluded in para 50 above, we may
reiterate that we are only concerned in this case with a situation where there
is ambiguity in an exemption notification or exemption clause, in which event
the benefit of such ambiguity cannot be extended to the subject/assessee by
applying the principle that an obscure and/or ambiguity or doubtful fiscal
statute must receive a construction favouring the assessee.Both the situations
are different and while considering an exemption notification, the distinction
cannot be ignored.
52. To
sum up, we answer the reference holding as under-
(1) Exemption notification
should be interpreted strictly; the burden of proving applicability would be on
the assessee to show that his case comes within the parameters of the exemption
clause or exemption notification.
(2) When there is ambiguity in exemption notification which is
subject to strict interpretation, the benefit of such ambiguity cannot be
claimed by the subject/assessee and it must be interpreted in favour of the
revenue.
(3) The ratio in Sun Export case (supra) is not correct and
all the decisions which took similar view as in Sun Export Case (supra) stands overruled.
53. The
instant civil appeal may now be placed before appropriate Bench for considering
the case on meritsafter obtaining orders from the Hon’ble Chief Justice of India.